SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT OF MICONAZOLE NITRATE FOR FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MUCOADHESIVE GEL

The goal of the present investigation is formulation and evaluation of a mucoadhesive gel for buccal delivery after solubility enhancement of very slightly water-soluble drug Miconazole Nitrate. Miconazole Nitrate is imidazole derivative useful in treatment of oropharyngeal Candidiasis, the most common infection in AIDS patients. The method namely solvent deposition with inclusion complex, solid dispersion with inclusion complex and solvent deposition with solid dispersion are used for solubility enhancement. Various polymers such as Lactose, β-CD and PEG-6000 are those polymers which were used for individual methods like SolD, IC and SD respectively all the batches are evaluated for their water solubility and In-vitro release. Enhancement of dissolution rates with increasing quantity of β-CD, Lactose and PEG in the complexes is observed. Water solubility of Miconazole Nitrate is enhanced up to 321.9 times by using combination of methods (solvent deposition with inclusion complex) and mucoadhesive antifungal gel of Miconazole Nitrate is prepared with improved drug release in to the buccal cavity which ensures effective treatment of local fungal infection-Oropharyngeal Candidiasis.   Keywords:Mucoadhesive, dissolution rate, solubility enhancement

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS PATENT: A REVIEW

ABSTRACT This article evaluates patent protection as an incentive mechanism for biotechnology innovation in India, Recent enhancements to India's patent laws, a new acceptance of biotechnology patents. It analyses the international patenting trends, patents that have significant impact and countries active in patenting. It also examines Indian patenting activity and its comparison with international trends to assess the Indian efforts. The patentability of products is essential in the biotechnology field, for limited market exclusivity compensates biotech companies' investments in research and development. The biotechnology field also uniquely faces Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approval, which includes considerable additional expense and time issues a biotech company must address

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES OF MUCILAGE OBTAINED FROM TRIGONELLA FOENUM GREACUM L. SEED AND TAMARINDUS INDICA POLYSACCHARIDE AS A PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENT

Now-a-days natural or herbal products are more often used in comparison to synthetic products because of its low toxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility and its cheaper cost. The main aim of this study is to isolate and characterize mucilage obtained from Trigonella foenum graecum L. seed and Tamarindus indica polysaccharide as pharmaceutical excipients. Both isolated mucilages are extracted by different methods i.e., hot water extraction method and reflux method respectively. Ethyl alcohol is used in the isolation of mucilages. Solubility behaviour of isolated mucilages with different solvents was also studied. Different phytochemical characterization of isolated mucilages were studied like bulk and tapped densities, compressibility index, hausner’s ratio and swelling index etc. and some identification tests were also carried out for presence of carbohydrate, fats, oils etc. keywords: Methi, tamarind, extraction, mucilage, excipient

Laparoscopic peritoneal lavage versus sigmoidectomy for management of perforated diverticulitis: meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Introduction: Controversy exists regarding the role of laparoscopic peritoneal lavage in patients with perforated diverticulitis. Our objective was to conduct the first meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT's) to compare the outcomes of patient undergoing laparoscopic peritoneal lavage with sigmoidectomy in patients with perforated diverticulitis. Methods: In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement standards, we conducted a systematic search of electronic information sources, including MEDLINE; EMBASE; CINAHL; CENTRAL; The World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry; ClinicalTrials.gov; ISRCTN Register and bibliographic reference lists. We applied a combination of free text and controlled vocabulary search adapted to thesaurus headings, search operators and limits in each of the above databases. Overall morbidity, mortality, and postoperative complications were defined as the primary outcome parameters. Procedure time and length of hospital stay were secondary outcomes. The combined overall effect sizes were calculated using fixed-effect or random-effects models. Results: We identified 4 RCT's comparing outcomes of laparoscopic peritoneal lavage and open sigmoidectomy for perforated diverticulitis. All studies included only Hinchey grade III diverticulitis. The subsequent analysis, including 390 patients, demonstrated that laparoscopic peritoneal lavage of perforated diverticulitis was associated with significantly increased rates of overall morbidity (OR: 1.30, 95% CI 1.07-1.57, p = 0.007) and intra-abdominal abscess (OR: 3.10, 95% CI 1.71-5.63, p = 0.0002) compared to sigmoidectomy. However, there was no significant difference in mortality (OR: 0.86, 95% CI 0.42-1.77, p = 0.69) and re-operation (OR: 1.20, 95% CI 0.36-4.02, p = 0.77) rates between the two groups. Between-study heterogeneity was non-significant in all analyses, except reoperation rate (I2 = 79%, p = 0.002). The available data did not allow an appropriate analysis of procedure time, length of hospital stay and other postoperative complications. Conclusion: Our analysis of randomised trials demonstrated that laparoscopic peritoneal lavage of perforated diverticulitis may lead to more adverse events than open sigmoid resection. Future high quality RCT's are indeed required to provide stronger evidence as no definitive conclusion can be drawn considering the limited number of available RCT's

Determination of Temperature-Dependent Coefficients of Viscosity and Surface Tension of Tamarind Seeds (Tamarindus indica L.) Polymer

The rheological properties of tamarind seed polymer are characterized for its possible commercialization in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Seed polymer was extracted using water as a solvent and ethyl alcohol as a precipitating agent. The temperature’s effect on the rheological behavior of the polymeric solution was studied. In addition to this, the temperature coefficient, viscosity, surface tension, activation energy, Gibbs free energy, Reynolds number, and entropy of fusion were calculated by using the Arrhenius, Gibbs–Helmholtz, Frenkel–Eyring, and Eotvos equations, respectively. The activation energy of the gum was found to be 20.46 ± 1.06 kJ/mol. Changes in entropy and enthalpy were found to be 23.66 ± 0.97 and −0.10 ± 0.01 kJ/mol, respectively. The calculated amount of entropy of fusion was found to be 0.88 kJ/mol. A considerable decrease in apparent viscosity and surface tension was produced when the temperature was raised. The present study concludes that the tamarind seed polymer solution is less sensitive to temperature change in comparison to Albzia lebbac gum, Ficus glumosa gum and A. marcocarpa gum. This study also concludes that the attainment of the transition state of viscous flow for tamarind seed gum is accompanied by bond breaking. The excellent physicochemical properties of tamarind seed polymers make them promising excipients for future drug formulation and make their application in the food and cosmetics industry possibl

Hyperthermia: Role and Risk Factor for Cancer Treatment

Over the past decades, cancer is the major cause of incidence of death increasing every day. Different forms of tumor therapy including radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used to treat cancer. However, hyperthermia is the technique that neglects the use of chemicals or harmful radiations. The elevated body temperature can damage the cancerous cells with minimum injury to the normal cells. Successful therapy method in combination with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy is provided to the cancer patient which proved to be beneficial to the patients. In this review, different studies of the clinical trials are reported on the patients with tumor and the therapy associated with it

Fluid mechanics in circulating tumour cells: Role in metastasis and treatment strategies

Cancer patients have a shorter life expectancy because of metastasis, which is the dynamic chain of events that leads to the spread of tumour cells to distant places inside the body. Cancer's development, spread, metastasis, and treatment all involve fluid mechanics in some way. Cancer cells and their associated components take advantage of the body's many fluid systems as a means of dissemination throughout the body and colonisation of distant organs. Cancerous tissues rely on the blood supply for oxygen and nutrition, metastasis to other organs, and medication delivery. Cancer cells' ability to travel from the main tumour, extravasate, and seed metastases can be enhanced by exploiting the flow mechanics of the blood and lymphatic circulatory systems. Cancer cell survival in the circulation and the regulation of organotropic seeding patterns are affected by flow rates, channel size, and shear stress. Therefore, cancer cells not only use these fluids as a mode of transport throughout the body, but also as a fertile ground to seed distant metastases by taking advantage of the fundamental physical forces among these fluids. Metastasis, tumor growth, & nanoparticle-mediated medication delivery is all under the control of multiscale flow-structure interaction processes, whereas an increase in interstitial pressure is caused by the tumour vasculature's irregularity and leakiness. This Review discusses the role that fluids play in metastasis, including the forces and stresses that are utilised by circulating tumour cells & tumour-associated factors. Given the intriguing concerns raised by the role of physiological fluids and their mechanics in the biology of the metastatic cascade, gaining insight into this process may reveal a novel strategy for intercepting cancer cells on their route